Civil War: New Madrid Area

Controlling the rivers was important to winning the Civil War.

An unproven newcomer, Gen. Grant, took regional command at Cairo and in late 1861 cleared a Rebel stronghold guarding the Mississippi at Columbus Ky. - Belmont Mo. (Battle of Belmont).

The next February, he went past Paducah and opened the Tennessee River into Alabama with defeat of Fort Henry, then 12 miles away opened the Cumberland, with defeat of Fort Donelson.

The South set up a main defense of the Mississippi in the river loop at New Madrid. See the dot labeled "Island No. 10". The North sneaked two ironclads past, under cover of darkness and a thunderstorm.

island 10 se missouri ky illinois 1862 civil war
With the surrender of Forts Henry and Donelson, Tennessee, and the evacuation of Columbus, Kentucky, Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, commander of the Confederate Army of the Mississippi, chose Island No. 10, about 60 river miles below Columbus, to be the strongpoint for defending the Mississippi River. Nearby was New Madrid, one of the weak points.

Brig. Gen. John Pope, commander of the Union Army of the Mississippi, set out from Commerce, Missouri, to attack New Madrid, on February 28. The force marched overland through swamps, lugging supplies and artillery, reached the New Madrid outskirts on March 3, and laid siege to the city. Brig. Gen. John P. McCown, the garrison commander, defended both New Madrid and Island No. 10 from the fortifications. He launched a sortie, under Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson, Missouri State Guard, against the besiegers and brought up heavy artillery to bombard them.

On the 13th, the Confederates bombarded the Yankees to no avail. Since it did not appear possible to defend New Madrid, the Confederate gunboats and troops evacuated to Island No. 10 and Tiptonville. On the 14th, Pope’s army discovered that New Madrid was deserted and moved in to occupy it. A U.S. Navy flotilla, under the command of Flag-Officer Andrew H. Foote, arrived March 15 upstream from Island No. 10.

The ironclad Carondelet on the night of April 4 passed the Island No. 10 batteries and anchored off New Madrid. Pittsburgh followed on the night of April 6. The ironclads helped to overawe the Confederate batteries and guns, enabling Pope’s men to cross the river and block the Confederate escape route. Brig. Gen. William W. Mackall, who replaced McCown, surrendered Island No. 10 on April 8. The Mississippi was now open down to Fort Pillow, Tennessee. source

Island Number Ten has since disappeared as a result of erosion from the Mississippi River. 
Battle of Island #10

Civil War Island #10 preparing for battle New Madrid

The Civil War Battle of Island #10 (bottom of river loop) was a major event.   pic   Read how the union ironclads (St. Louis, Benton, Carondelet, see below) sneaked past rebel troops during the night, to help open the river.

THE NEW YORK HERALD, New York, March 24, 1864 (above)
(below) - unknown source.

New Madrid Bend, civil war

http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/civilwar/a/AmCvWarWest1.htm

island 10 se missouri ky illinois 1862 civil war

Cairo would not have a rail bridge for another 30+ years. Rail cars were ferried across the river, as many as three at a time.

Point Pleasant, south of New Madrid, was washed down the river by one of the main 1811-12 quakes. 
It was rebuilt nearby, and saw Civil War action. Illustration | map

Columbus Belmont park, ky

Pic is from picturesque Columbus Belmont park, near Columbus Ky. Battle of Belmont was in Missouri flatland in left of pic. The "rebs" thought they had great control of the river here. They put a gigantic chain across the river, that pulled apart from its own weight. Pieces are on display here. Gen. Grant came down from Cairo as one of his first activities, burned Belmont camp, [Nov 1861] cut supplies to the guys up here on the hill, who had battle trenches dug, and shifted the next battle {Apr. 1862] to Island 10 near New Madrid.

The semi-official end of the New Madrid fault is 20 miles west of the pic, but some faulting continues NNE through the Paducah area, connecting with the Wabash Valley faulting near Evansville, IN.

Civil War dates - New Madrid area

Lower Mississippi River Mileages

Report to the president "New Madrid is Ours" - Civil War battle

Map and two articles below are from Phila Inquirer Mar 22, 1862

New Madrid Bend, Island 10, Civil war

Battle of Island 10 New Madrid

Battle of Cape Girardeau Civil War

NY Tribune May 22, 1862
May 22, 1862 NY Tribune (above)

Battle of Island #10

civil war carondelet passes island 10

"The War on the Mississippi - The Steamer Carondelet, of Commodore Foote's Flotilla, Running the Rebels' batteries at island No. 10, During a Thunderstorm on the Night of April 4, To the Aid of General Pope at New Madrid . - From a Sketch by Our Special Artist." It was published in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper on April 26, 1862. This is an original period item showing an authentic view of Union ironclads fighting Confederate forces entrenched on an island in the Mississippi River.

mar 1862 new madrid civil war troops
Boston Evening Transcript Mar 8 1862 - Rebels at New Madrid - Gen. Pope's command - have between 5000 and 10,000 men and four gunboats anchored off the town. We are confident of an early and complete victory.

 civil war battle Point Pleasant New Madrid Mo

Above - General Pope's batteries at Point Pleasant Mo, South of New Madrid, dislodged. Enemy evacuated, leaving all his artillery, field batteries, tents, wagons, mules and an immense quantity of military stores. Brig. Gen Hamilton has occupied the place. This was the last stronghold of the enemy in this state. No rebel flag is now flying in Missouri. Mar 15, 1862 Boston Evening Transcript.

Cape Girardeau Civil War

"Cape Girardeau, occupied by the Federal troops under General U.S. Grant, September 5th, 1861." Scene was published in "The Soldier in Our Civil War" 1885. Engraving appears to be a composite of scenes. River perspective could have been from Fort A, on a bluff just north of downtown. Two-story building with tower between tents in center is likely Common Pleas Courthouse, which overlooks downtown. Multi-story building in top right may be St. Vincent's college, an academy to train Catholic priests for more than a century, now reworked, recently opened as part of the Southeast Mo. State University River Campus. Or it might supposedly represent the main Academic Hall of the then teacher's college. 

Fort D, in the south part of town, would give a similar river perspective. Fort D's building still exists. Boat may be very realistic for the era. The boat is very similar to the "Red Rover" boat constructed in Cape Girardeau just before the Civil war, for the South, then captured near New Madrid by the North, which used it as a hospital ship, bringing wounded of both sides back to Mound City, IL (just north of Cairo, on the Ohio River) for care. Another fort in Cape was at the present University Academic Hall. The only local battle was in a field which now has the city's middle school and junior high. 

Above pic has nothing to do with quakes. It's the Cape Girardeau riverfront, pre-floodwall. Port Cape Girardeau restaurant is in the building with the 5c CocaCola and furniture sign. General Grant's regional Civil War office was maybe upstairs for a few days, before he took command at Cairo. The Coke sign has been restored and remains. How in the world did the train engineer trust that the tracks had not been washed out?

We've borrowed some local newspaper text about that building:

Its most famous sign, the Coca-Cola advertisement on the north wall of the corner building, was restored through a joint effort by previous owner David B. Knight and the Coca-Cola Co. The original sign predates 1927. Knight's reason for that date is that before restoration, he said the phrase "fights fatigue" was still faintly visible on the ad. That phrase dates back to when the soft drink still contained cocaine, which was then legal.

Although much of the history of the Warehouse Row District can be traced through deeds and abstracts, the most famous and infamous parts of the popular history surrounding the buildings aren't documented at all.

The most popular legend regarding the buildings says that Gen. Ulysses S. Grant used them as his office and headquarters while stationed on the western front of the Civil War. However, Foley's recent discovery of the erection of the buildings being in the early 1860s doesn't give that tale much time for truth, since Grant was already head of the Union Army in the east by 1864.

The dating of the building also puts strain on another belief that the buildings were used as a stop for escaping slaves on the "underground railroad."

When Knight bought the building in 1974, it had been abandoned about 10 years. While cleaning and renovating the interior, he came upon a false wall in the rear of the corner building. The false wall led to an 8-by-8 enclosure, with no doors or windows. Knight said it is believed that due to the enclosure's proximity to a basement walkway that leads out to Main Street, it may have been a hiding spot for slaves seeking freedom. However, slavery was abolished in 1863, and by 1865, the underground railroad was seldom used.

Another of Knight's finds during renovation that probably holds a bit more historical truth is the discovery of about 40 cases of empty whiskey bottles hidden in the rafters on the third floor. It is thought that the district was home to a brothel or a speak-easy, where bootleg liquor was sold and served during Prohibition.

The ghost of Port Cape

The legend that has recruited the most contemporary believers among employees of businesses within the district is that of a ghost.

Current owner Dean "Doc" Cain said he has had a number of bartenders, managers and waiters say they've heard strange noises in the still halls of Port Cape after hours. Cain himself said he's found lights on that he was sure had been turned off and light bulbs left unscrewed with no good explanation why.

Photo below - Cape Girardeau Riverfront - 1927 flood.

 Cape Girardeau riverfront

New Madrid Fault Maps: Civil War Battles

Map pages 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | aerials


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